Media and Communication Research: An Introdction to Qualiative and Quantiative Approaches--Beger
Part V
Chapter 15
p.242-247 Common Fallacies
1. Appealing to false authority: miscitation
2. Stacking the deck(slected instances): neglect information that negates our position.
3. Overgeneralizing: This error involves assuming that what is true of some X is true of all X.
4. Imperfect Analogies and Comparisons: Is it correct? Is it fitting?
5. Misrepresenting Ideas of other people:
6. Pushing arguments to absurd extrenes:
7. Before, Therefore because of: X occurs before Y, so...X causes Y.
8. Misleading percentages:
9. Using seemingly impressive numbers:
10. Misleading use of the term average:
11. Incorrect assumptions:
12. False conclusions: 8 of 100 students complained the teacher, so 92 students "like" the teacher.
13. Mistaking correlation and causation: a correlation between X and Y doesn't mean X causes Y.
14. Diversion of attention by using emotional language.(轉移話題)
15. Begging the question:
16. Oversimplification:
17. Ad hominem arguments: fight just because he or she is the No. 1.
18. Ad Populum arguments: everyone knows, everyone believes....
19: "Pooh-Poohing" arguments:輕視
Part V
Chapter 16
p.253: a writer is not so much someone who has something to say as he is someone who has found a process that will bring about new things he would not have thought of if he had not started to say them.(William Stafford1978)
p.253-255: Writing research report:
1.Formal Style: don't use colloquial language
2.Third Person: Don't use "I"
3.Gender-Neutral Language:
4.Transitions to Guide Readers: cue readers in to what is coming.
4-1 Cause: Because, This leads to, Since
4-2 Effects: Therefore, As a result, Accordingly
4-3 Sequence: First, Nex, Finally
4-4 Meaning: We find...then, This suggests This implies
4-5 Examples: For example, For instance, To show this
4-6 Contrast: But, Nevertheless, In contrast
4-7 Conclusions: Therefore, Thus, We find...then
4-8 Time Relations: Before, After, At the same time
5.Active voice:(suspended)
6.Verb Usage:
Part of report Verb Tense to use
--------------- -----------------
Review of Literature in introduction Past
Discussion of procedures followed Past
Discussion of meaning of research Present
Disscussion of future research future
7.Jargon(行話): don't use Jargon, try to write for an imaginary readers who don't have expertise about your subject.
8.Undeveloped Writing: avoid it by using examples, by contrasting, by comparing
p.255-257: structure of Quantitative research reports:IMRD
1.Introduction: background, conducted, literature, hypothesis
2.Method (design of research): let readers to se what you did; let reader to replicate.
3.Results: offer your data and analysis your data
4.Discussion: discuss what you found and problem you faced
p.257: Common problems when doing writing
1.Awkwardness: ex. use the same sentence structure again and again
2.Coherence Problems: using transition to guide readers (see p.253-255: Writing research report point:4)
3.Dashes and Hyphens: Dashes= two hyphens; hyphen="-"
3-1dashed is used to suggest a pause in sentense
3-2hyphen is ude to compound words, ex. son-in-law
4.Comma Fault:
5.Fragment:don't have sentense fragment
6.Padding or Wordiness: use to many words to explain a simple thing
7.Spelling Errors:
8.Clarity Problem: Passages the readers find hard to understand.
9.Pronoun Reference Problem: "it"
10.Repetitiveness: use the same sentence structure again and again
11.Verb agreement problems: ex. I likes her, she like me.
Part I
Chapter 2
p.262: It isn't the quality of the uniforms od a football or baseball team that's important; it's the quality of the players wearing the uniforms.
p.22b: research strategies
1.Going from the specific to the general.
2.Going from the general to the specific.
p.23: Primary and Secondary research sources
p.25: It is the quality of the argument you make about a text that counts, not the strengh or intensity of your opinion.
Part I
Chapter 1
pp.7b-8: why do research.
p.8: Diachronic and Synchronic
Saussure used the term diachronic for linguistic study that has a historical focus and the term synchronic for linguistic research that is comparative n nature.
Time X(before)
(here)A------+-----------B(there) Place
Y(after)
p.9: Another way of putting this is that facts don't speak for themselves.
p.9: These oppostions establish relationships in various areas, and it is through relationships that we find meaning. (Saussure's notion)
p.10: Saussure's notion about relationship in language.
p.11: oppositions are hidden in texs and have to be elicited.
p.12b: example of Saussure's oppositions notion
p.13h: Quantity V.S. Quality in media research
p.15h: aspects of communication
1.Interpersonal: me
2.Interpersonal: me and other(two people)
3.Small group: study group
4.Organizational: how organizations communicate to menbers and parties
5.Mass media: from sender of message to a large number of receivers of messages.
Part V
Chapter 15
p.242-247 Common Fallacies
1. Appealing to false authority: miscitation
2. Stacking the deck(slected instances): neglect information that negates our position.
3. Overgeneralizing: This error involves assuming that what is true of some X is true of all X.
4. Imperfect Analogies and Comparisons: Is it correct? Is it fitting?
5. Misrepresenting Ideas of other people:
6. Pushing arguments to absurd extrenes:
7. Before, Therefore because of: X occurs before Y, so...X causes Y.
8. Misleading percentages:
9. Using seemingly impressive numbers:
10. Misleading use of the term average:
11. Incorrect assumptions:
12. False conclusions: 8 of 100 students complained the teacher, so 92 students "like" the teacher.
13. Mistaking correlation and causation: a correlation between X and Y doesn't mean X causes Y.
14. Diversion of attention by using emotional language.(轉移話題)
15. Begging the question:
16. Oversimplification:
17. Ad hominem arguments: fight just because he or she is the No. 1.
18. Ad Populum arguments: everyone knows, everyone believes....
19: "Pooh-Poohing" arguments:輕視
Part V
Chapter 16
p.253: a writer is not so much someone who has something to say as he is someone who has found a process that will bring about new things he would not have thought of if he had not started to say them.(William Stafford1978)
p.253-255: Writing research report:
1.Formal Style: don't use colloquial language
2.Third Person: Don't use "I"
3.Gender-Neutral Language:
4.Transitions to Guide Readers: cue readers in to what is coming.
4-1 Cause: Because, This leads to, Since
4-2 Effects: Therefore, As a result, Accordingly
4-3 Sequence: First, Nex, Finally
4-4 Meaning: We find...then, This suggests This implies
4-5 Examples: For example, For instance, To show this
4-6 Contrast: But, Nevertheless, In contrast
4-7 Conclusions: Therefore, Thus, We find...then
4-8 Time Relations: Before, After, At the same time
5.Active voice:(suspended)
6.Verb Usage:
Part of report Verb Tense to use
--------------- -----------------
Review of Literature in introduction Past
Discussion of procedures followed Past
Discussion of meaning of research Present
Disscussion of future research future
7.Jargon(行話): don't use Jargon, try to write for an imaginary readers who don't have expertise about your subject.
8.Undeveloped Writing: avoid it by using examples, by contrasting, by comparing
p.255-257: structure of Quantitative research reports:IMRD
1.Introduction: background, conducted, literature, hypothesis
2.Method (design of research): let readers to se what you did; let reader to replicate.
3.Results: offer your data and analysis your data
4.Discussion: discuss what you found and problem you faced
p.257: Common problems when doing writing
1.Awkwardness: ex. use the same sentence structure again and again
2.Coherence Problems: using transition to guide readers (see p.253-255: Writing research report point:4)
3.Dashes and Hyphens: Dashes= two hyphens; hyphen="-"
3-1dashed is used to suggest a pause in sentense
3-2hyphen is ude to compound words, ex. son-in-law
4.Comma Fault:
5.Fragment:don't have sentense fragment
6.Padding or Wordiness: use to many words to explain a simple thing
7.Spelling Errors:
8.Clarity Problem: Passages the readers find hard to understand.
9.Pronoun Reference Problem: "it"
10.Repetitiveness: use the same sentence structure again and again
11.Verb agreement problems: ex. I likes her, she like me.
Part I
Chapter 2
p.262: It isn't the quality of the uniforms od a football or baseball team that's important; it's the quality of the players wearing the uniforms.
p.22b: research strategies
1.Going from the specific to the general.
2.Going from the general to the specific.
p.23: Primary and Secondary research sources
p.25: It is the quality of the argument you make about a text that counts, not the strengh or intensity of your opinion.
Part I
Chapter 1
pp.7b-8: why do research.
p.8: Diachronic and Synchronic
Saussure used the term diachronic for linguistic study that has a historical focus and the term synchronic for linguistic research that is comparative n nature.
Time X(before)
(here)A------+-----------B(there) Place
Y(after)
p.9: Another way of putting this is that facts don't speak for themselves.
p.9: These oppostions establish relationships in various areas, and it is through relationships that we find meaning. (Saussure's notion)
p.10: Saussure's notion about relationship in language.
p.11: oppositions are hidden in texs and have to be elicited.
p.12b: example of Saussure's oppositions notion
p.13h: Quantity V.S. Quality in media research
p.15h: aspects of communication
1.Interpersonal: me
2.Interpersonal: me and other(two people)
3.Small group: study group
4.Organizational: how organizations communicate to menbers and parties
5.Mass media: from sender of message to a large number of receivers of messages.
